Frequently Asked Questions About Mitochondria
The mitochondria, a type of organelle within cells, are essential cellular structures responsible for providing energy and facilitating normal cellular functions. Because of this vital role, mitochondria are often referred to as the cell's powerhouses. The number of mitochondria varies in each cell, with more abundant distribution in regions of the body with high metabolic activity. Structurally, mitochondria resemble bacteria, and indeed, they are believed to have originated from bacterial ancestors. However, mitochondria play an indispensable role in the evolution of cells, with some studies suggesting that the acquisition of mitochondria by eukaryotic cells enabled the evolution of various biological species as we know them today.
What are mitochondria?
The reason why we take in food and breathe oxygen is to convert the energy in the food to the cells throughout our body so that the cells can work normally. The place in the cells that converts glucose, fatty acids, and amino acids into ATP is called mitochondria.
In other words, the organelle mitochondria is the energy factory of the cell. The energy required by the whole body is produced from mitochondria. When we eat rice or bread, the starch will be broken down into glucose in the small intestine, and then absorbed by the intestinal wall cells into the blood. The blood will send the glucose to all cells in the body. At this time, the pancreas will secrete insulin and order the cell membrane to open holes. , allowing glucose to enter cells. Glucose is first converted into pyruvate in the cytoplasm, and then the pyruvate enters the mitochondria, combines with oxygen, and connects phosphate to ADP (adenosine diphosphate) to become ATP.
The role of mitochondria
Mitochondria play multiple important roles within cells, including
- Energy production: Mitochondria are the main site of energy production in cells, through respiratory chain processes, producing ATP to provide energy needed by cells.
- Cell metabolism regulation: Mitochondria are involved in regulating cell metabolism, including fatty acid oxidation, sugar metabolism, and amino acid metabolism.
- Apoptosis: Mitochondria play an important role in regulating apoptosis (programmed cell death). When cells are damaged or stressed, mitochondria release specific signaling molecules that guide cells into the apoptotic pathway.
- Calcium ion regulation: Mitochondria are also involved in regulating intracellular calcium ion concentration, which is critical for many cellular functions such as muscle contraction and cell signaling.
Mitochondrial function missing
Mitochondria are not without limitations in producing ATP. When attacked by oxidative free radicals, they can also be injured, mutate, and even die in severe cases. When mitochondrial function first begins to decline, you may not feel the difference, but by the time your body senses something is wrong, the damage may have become quite serious. Because a small amount of damage does not affect the function of the cells, when the damage continues to accumulate, the function will disappear. Many scientific studies have also proven that mitochondria are closely related to aging and disease.
Mitochondrial damage and mutation not only cause cell aging, but also produce diseases. In other words, the reason why the human body becomes sick is because the mitochondria are damaged and the cells cannot perform their normal functions. From the weakened organ cells, it can be found that mitochondria are under great oxidative stress, which makes it easier to cause further damage to the mitochondria. Damage to mitochondria can cause cells to lose their normal functions, leading to disease. Mitochondria are present in all cells in our body except red blood cells. When their damage accumulates to exceed the load, diseases with different symptoms will occur. As for the parts, the load capacity they can carry is different. It depends on the functional performance of mitochondria. Therefore, we can say that the root causes of aging and disease are inseparable from mitochondria.
How to give mitochondria a rest?
One of the purposes of sleeping is to slow down metabolism and allow the mitochondria to rest, just like giving the boiler a break instead of working all the time. When sleeping at night, mitochondria are not busy producing energy. At the same time, melatonin and glutathione can be used to neutralize the reactive oxygen species produced during the day. When you wake up in the morning, the free radicals have been cleaned up, and people will feel more energetic.
The above mechanism can perfectly explain many unsolved mysteries. Anyone who needs more sleep time than others is most likely due to greater oxidative stress in the body. As long as these people supplement antioxidants, their physical problems will slow down, they will feel less tired, and they will not need as much sleep.
What are the benefits of activating mitochondria?
The benefits of activating mitochondria through mitochondrial activation factors include
- Increased energy production: Activating mitochondria can increase energy production within cells, enhancing the body's vitality and endurance.
- Improved metabolic function: Activation of mitochondria helps regulate cellular metabolism, including fatty acid oxidation, sugar metabolism, and amino acid metabolism, contributing to maintaining a healthy balance in the body.
- Reduced oxidative stress: Activating mitochondria can reduce oxidative stress within cells, lowering the generation of free radicals, thereby slowing down cellular aging and reducing the occurrence of diseases.
- Promotion of cell repair: Activating mitochondria can promote cell repair and regeneration, enhancing the body's resistance and self-healing capabilities.
In general, activating mitochondria can enhance overall health, strengthen immunity, delay aging, and reduce the risk of diseases.
What is Dynamito MAPEs (Mitochondrial Activation Factors)?
Dynamito MAPEs (Mitochondrial Activation Factors) can effectively improve the efficiency of the electron transport chain on mitochondria and increase energy generation. Additionally, they help maintain mitochondrial integrity, reduce mitochondrial membrane damage, significantly decrease the production of endogenous oxidative free radicals, making mitochondria less susceptible to damage and maintaining cell survival rates.
Functions of Dynamito MAPEs
The effective ingredients of Dynamito MAPEs, by enhancing mitochondrial function within cells, increase cell activity, improve organ function, and reduce the occurrence of diseases. Scientifically proven effects of Dynamito MAPEs include anti-aging, reducing pulmonary inflammation and fibrosis, regulating the immune system, maintaining blood glucose and lipid stability, and neuroprotection.
Sources of Dynamito MAPEs
The sources of Dynamito MAPEs can be found in herbal medicine and natural plants, which are extracted using special techniques to extract components that may activate mitochondria. Further, through a professional screening platform and evaluation model, the most effective components that activate mitochondria are identified.
Identification of Dynamito MAPEs
To determine whether Dynamito MAPEs have the effect of activating mitochondria, a professional screening platform and evaluation model can be used to identify whether the components from herbal medicine and natural plants have functionality on mitochondria, and to assess the superiority and inferiority of Dynamito MAPEs based on this model.
Mitochondrial Evaluation Model
Mitochondria are the energy factories within cells, and the condition of cells is governed by the function and activity of mitochondria. How can mitochondria be evaluated? Basically, mitochondrial quality testing can be evaluated based on the efficiency of mitochondrial energy production (mitochondrial operational efficiency; spare respiratory capacity, SRC) and capacity (mitochondrial energy generation; adenosine triphosphate, ATP). Additionally, the values obtained through mitochondrial testing platforms are transformed to present a comprehensive indicator of mitochondria, known as the Bioenergetic High-Risk Index (BHI), which is divided into five levels. The higher the level, the better the mitochondrial activity and function. Through the index scale, mitochondria can be more easily evaluated.
Dynamito MAPEs are mediators for mitochondrial activation, effectively increasing mitochondrial function and activity. By enhancing mitochondrial activity and function, through mitochondrial testing platforms, the improvement in mitochondrial function after consuming Dynamito MAPEs can be assessed.
Can you activate your own mitochondria?
Activating mitochondria is a crucial method for healthy aging.
There are multiple ways to promote and enhance the functionality of mitochondria within your cells, thereby activating mitochondria. Here are some methods to help activate your mitochondria:
- Exercise: Regular exercise can boost cellular metabolism, increase oxygen supply, and help activate mitochondria.
- Healthy Diet: A diet rich in antioxidants and nutrients such as vitamin C, vitamin E, selenium, and Omega-3 fatty acids can reduce oxidative stress and protect mitochondria from damage.
- Stress Management: Effective stress management techniques should be sought to avoid prolonged exposure to high-stress environments, as chronic stress may negatively impact cellular and mitochondrial function.
- Sleep: Ensuring an adequate amount of sleep is crucial as good sleep quality aids in cell repair and recovery, thereby contributing to normal mitochondrial function.
- Medications and Supplements: Some medications and supplements, such as coenzyme Q10 and L-carnitine, are believed to promote mitochondrial function, but they should be used under medical supervision.
- Thermal Stimulation: Regular cold-hot baths or other heat therapy methods may promote blood circulation, increase cellular metabolism, and benefit mitochondrial function.
Overall, through a healthy lifestyle and specific activities, you can promote and enhance your mitochondrial function, thereby improving cellular health and vitality.
How to activate mitochondria through exercise?
Exercise plays a significant role in activating mitochondria. Here are some ways exercise helps activate mitochondria:
- Aerobic Exercise: Aerobic exercises such as jogging, swimming, and cycling can increase oxygen supply, thereby promoting mitochondrial function. By increasing respiratory and cardiovascular activity, aerobic exercise enhances cellular oxygen utilization, thus increasing mitochondrial energy production.
- High-Intensity Interval Training (HIIT): HIIT involves high-intensity exercise followed by rest periods. This training method increases cellular oxygen demand, promotes mitochondrial biosynthesis and energy production, and helps improve mitochondrial function.
- Strength Training: Engaging in strength training can increase muscle mass and metabolism, thereby increasing overall metabolic rate. This contributes to improved mitochondrial function, as muscle cells contain a large number of mitochondria, and mitochondrial energy production is crucial for muscle function.
- Endurance Training: Long-duration endurance training, such as long-distance running or cycling, can increase mitochondrial density and function within cells, thereby enhancing body endurance and stamina.
- Jumping Rope and brisk walking: These low-intensity aerobic exercises can effectively promote mitochondrial function while improving cardiovascular health and metabolism.
In summary, regular participation in various forms of exercise can increase mitochondrial density and function within cells, thereby enhancing metabolic rate, endurance, and overall health.
How to activate mitochondria through diet?
Diet also plays a crucial role in activating mitochondria. Here are some dietary suggestions to help activate mitochondria:
- Consume Sufficient Antioxidants: Antioxidants help reduce the production of free radicals, thereby lowering oxidative stress within cells and benefiting mitochondrial function. Consume plenty of vegetables, fruits, nuts, and whole grains rich in antioxidants such as vitamin C, vitamin E, and selenium.
- Moderate Intake of Healthy Fats: Healthy fats, especially Omega-3 fatty acids, are essential for maintaining cell membrane health and promoting mitochondrial function. Consume foods rich in Omega-3 fatty acids such as fish, flaxseeds, nuts, and olive oil.
- Limit Processed Foods and Sugars: Excessive consumption of processed foods and sugars can lead to increased inflammation and oxidative stress in the body, affecting mitochondrial function. Avoid processed foods, candies, and sugary beverages, and opt for fresh, natural foods instead.
- Increase Protein Intake: Protein is an essential component of cell structure and is also crucial for mitochondrial function. Adequate protein intake helps maintain cell structure and promotes mitochondrial biosynthesis.
- Moderate Intake of Vitamins and Minerals: Vitamins and minerals play vital roles in cellular function and metabolism. Ensure adequate intake of nutrients such as vitamin B, vitamin D, magnesium, calcium, and zinc to support healthy mitochondrial function.
- Proper fluid intake: Adequate hydration helps maintain balance within and outside cells, facilitating the transport of nutrients and metabolites, thereby supporting mitochondrial function.
Overall, a balanced diet and healthy eating habits provide the necessary nutrients and energy for mitochondria, helping maintain their normal function and promoting overall health.
How to determine poor mitochondrial function?
Not all cases of decreased metabolic rate are due to poor mitochondrial function; other factors may be involved. For instance, prolonged exposure to high stress leads to the production of stress hormone cortisol, which competes with the precursor of thyroid hormone, reducing thyroid hormone secretion and lowering metabolic rate. Determining whether one has poor mitochondrial function requires a comprehensive organic acid metabolism analysis test in functional medicine. During the process of converting carbohydrates, lipids, or proteins into energy through mitochondria, various metabolites, known as organic acids, are produced and excreted through urine. By testing these organic acids in urine, one can assess the efficiency of mitochondrial energy conversion. If the conversion efficiency is poor, the likelihood of impaired mitochondrial function is higher.
Poor metabolic rate involves various possibilities, but how can one determine whether they have poor mitochondrial function? Professional physicians suggest that in clinical functional medicine, a comprehensive organic acid metabolism analysis test is still necessary for evaluation. During the process of converting carbohydrates, lipids, or proteins into energy through mitochondria, various metabolites, known as organic acids, are produced and excreted through urine. By testing these organic acids in urine, one can assess the efficiency of mitochondrial energy conversion. If the conversion efficiency is poor, the likelihood of impaired mitochondrial function is higher.
What are the benefits of activating mitochondria?
- Vibrant Energy, Clear Mind: Nurturing mitochondria leads to increased energy production, allowing better focus at work and enjoyment during leisure time!
- Normalized Metabolism, Balanced Physique: With healthy mitochondrial metabolism, fat accumulation decreases, maintaining a great physique without needing to hit the gym!
- Strengthened Immune Barrier, Repelled Pathogens: Mitochondria act as immune command centers; nurturing them enhances resistance, significantly boosting immunity!
- Elimination of Harmful Cells, Cancer Prevention: Cancer is the leading cause of death; mitochondria promote the apoptosis of aging cells, effectively eliminating cancer cells from the source!
Mitochondria act as the powerhouses of cells, providing the energy our bodies need. Nowadays, people advocate for anti-aging and antioxidant approaches, not just for youthful skin but also to maintain youthful organ functions. The seemingly tiny mitochondria inside cells are closely related to the secrets of aging and health. Degenerative diseases like dementia, Parkinson's disease, and cancer have been confirmed to be associated with mitochondria. Therefore, nurturing mitochondria has become a burgeoning science.
Difference Between Mitochondria and Stem Cells
The occurrence of many diseases is related to mitochondrial damage. Once mitochondria are damaged, cell death can easily occur. Once important organs experience cell death, regeneration and repair become challenging, thus regenerative medicine provides hope for patients. The most well-known regenerative therapy today is stem cell therapy. Many studies and clinical trials have shown that damaged tissues can be repaired and functional recovery achieved through stem cell therapy.
Mitochondrial regeneration therapy has garnered significant attention in recent years as an advanced regenerative medical technology, marking a new milestone in mitochondrial medical applications. Many advanced medical teams have found that directly administering healthy mitochondria to damaged areas, including the heart, brain, lungs, etc., can provide damaged cells with healthy mitochondria, improving damaged tissues and restoring organ function.
Mitochondrial regeneration therapy and stem cell therapy are two different treatment methods. The former mainly aims to improve and activate mitochondrial function within cells to enhance cellular health, while having healthy cells leads to a healthy body. The latter uses the properties of stem cells to promote tissue repair and regeneration, but in addition to the extremely high treatment costs, there are also implicit issues of immune rejection.
- Mitochondria are the powerhouses of all cells.
- Mitochondria do not have cell surface antigens.
- Aging and degenerative diseases are caused by mitochondrial issues. Mitochondria can directly repair damaged cells once they enter the cell.
Stem Cell Therapy
- The quality of mitochondria inside stem cells also affects their quality and efficacy.
- Stem cells may cause immune rejection.
- Stem cells need to differentiate to improve.
Mitochondrial regeneration therapy and stem cell therapy are two different treatment methods. The former mainly aims to improve and activate mitochondrial function within cells to enhance cellular health, while having healthy cells leads to a healthy body. The latter uses the properties of stem cells to promote tissue repair and regeneration, but in addition to the extremely high treatment costs, there are also implicit issues of immune rejection.
Mechanism of Mitochondrial Regeneration Therapy
The mechanism of mitochondrial regeneration therapy involves providing healthy external mitochondria to the damaged area, where the mitochondria are taken up by cells through endocytosis. The external mitochondria then fuse with the damaged mitochondria inside the cell, repair the damaged mitochondria, and then remove and metabolize the damaged mitochondria through fission, thus restoring the number and function of mitochondria.
Applications of Mitochondrial Regeneration Therapy
In addition to being the energy production center of cells, mitochondria also play an important role in cell survival and regulating physiological functions. However, with more and more research confirming the relationship between disease occurrence and mitochondrial damage, mitochondrial regeneration therapy has been shown to effectively improve cell damage in damaged organs, enhance damaged mitochondrial activity through external mitochondrial assistance, inhibit cell death, and treat diseases that are difficult to cure with drugs.
Alzheimer's Disease
Alzheimer's disease is a neurodegenerative disease caused by multiple factors, affecting many biochemical reactions in brain cells, including amyloid-β aggregation, neurofibrillary tangle formation, oxidative stress, and neuroinflammation, ultimately leading to neuronal death, hippocampal atrophy responsible for memory, and further brain lesions. Since neurons rely heavily on mitochondria to produce energy to maintain survival, mitochondrial damage can lead to the development of the aforementioned lesions.
Due to the complex pathogenesis of Alzheimer's disease, no drugs have been found to effectively treat Alzheimer's disease patients. In order to reduce the poor efficacy of single drugs in treating Alzheimer's disease, scientists have proposed transplanting active intact mitochondria as a method to treat the disease. Studies have found that Alzheimer's disease mice receiving mitochondrial reconstruction therapy showed significant increases in mitochondrial functional indicators such as citrate synthase and cytochrome c oxidase activity in brain cells, significant reductions in hippocampal neuron loss, decreased neuroglia, and reduced cognitive impairment. Therefore, mitochondrial regeneration therapy also offers new hope for Alzheimer's disease.
Parkinson's Disease
Parkinson's disease is characterized by the death of dopaminergic neurons in the substantia nigra of the brain, resulting in the inability to produce dopamine and leading to conditions such as motor dysfunction. Both genetic and environmental risk factors can cause the death of dopaminergic neurons, with mitochondria controlling cell fate. Under normal conditions, damaged mitochondria can be metabolized, but when the repair mechanism is damaged, mitochondrial damage accumulates, leading to increased oxidative stress and eventual inability of mitochondria to produce energy, causing the death of dopaminergic neurons. Current clinical treatments aim to directly or indirectly increase dopamine activity to alleviate motor dysfunction, but cannot rescue already dead dopaminergic neurons. Research has found that treating with external mitochondria significantly restores the number of dopaminergic neurons in Parkinson's disease rats, increases the functional proteins of mitochondria, and significantly improves the motor ability of Parkinson's disease rats, effectively reducing the motor dysfunction caused by Parkinson's disease, indicating that mitochondrial reconstruction therapy proposes a new direction for the treatment of Parkinson's disease.
Spinal Cord Injury
The spinal cord is the peripheral nervous system extending from the brain, and spinal nerves entering and exiting specific segments of the spinal cord control specific parts of the body. The upper part controls breathing, neck, and upper limb functions, while the thoracic spine is responsible for chest and abdominal movements, the lumbar spine regulates lower limb function, and the sacral spine controls defecation, urination, and sexual function. Spinal cord injury refers to acute traumatic injury to the spinal cord and nerves, usually resulting in varying degrees of damage depending on specific segments of the spinal cord. Injury to the cervical spine causes quadriplegia, while injury to the thoracic, lumbar, or sacral spine causes paraplegia. In addition to this, spinal cord injury also causes difficulty in urination, defecation, and sexual dysfunction, and may also affect respiratory problems and autonomic dysfunction. Because dead nerve cells are not easily regenerated, there is currently no effective treatment for spinal cord injury. Currently, many methods intend to increase nerve activity and transplant neurons. Among them, mitochondrial reconstruction therapy has been used to treat spinal cord injury, and preliminary results have shown that mice treated with mitochondrial therapy respond to mechanical tests with increased force.
Myocardial Infarction
When the heart is blocked due to vascular occlusion, blood cannot be transported to the heart tissue, causing the myocardium to lack oxygen and nutrients, resulting in damage to the mitochondria. Quickly damaged mitochondria can lead to myocardial death. Research has shown that directly extracting mitochondria from muscle tissue and then injecting them into ischemic myocardium results in increased mitochondrial activity and inhibition of myocardial cell death, further effectively improving cardiac contraction and relaxation function, and the therapy is also safe. In clinical trials, mitochondrial reconstruction therapy has also been shown to improve heart function in children with myocardial infarction after reperfusion.
Mitochondrial Therapy for Acute Lung Injury/Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome
Research has found that mitochondrial damage increases significantly in lung cells in animals simulating lung injury, and damaged lungs further lead to multiple organ failure and death. However, when animals received mitochondrial reconstruction therapy, the damaged mitochondria in lung cells were repaired, effectively reducing lung cell death. In addition, under mitochondrial reconstruction therapy, immune cell infiltration and the production of inflammatory proteins were also reduced. Therefore, mitochondrial reconstruction therapy can maintain the barrier of alveolar epithelium, reduce a series of inflammatory reactions, reduce pulmonary edema, and reduce the symptoms of respiratory distress, thereby possibly reducing the high mortality rate of acute lung injury.
Diabetes
Diabetes has become a global health problem affecting the health of people worldwide. Type 1 diabetes is a hereditary disease caused by autoimmunity attacking pancreatic tissue, leading to pancreatic cell death. Type 2 diabetes is mainly caused by a high-sugar and high-fat diet, which weakens mitochondrial function and increases oxidative stress. With long-term high blood sugar, the pancreas gradually dies and cannot produce insulin. Both type 1 and severe type 2 diabetes patients are unable to produce insulin due to decreased or dead pancreatic function. In preclinical studies, co-culturing the pancreas with mitochondria has been shown to increase pancreatic activity and increase insulin release. In the future, mitochondrial reconstruction therapy may be applied in the clinical treatment of diabetes, including type 1 diabetes or type 2 diabetes, to increase the survival rate of pancreatic cells and the secretion of insulin.
What is Mitochondrial Recombination Therapy?
Both aging and environmental issues can cause damage and loss of mitochondria in the human body. When the number of damaged mitochondria within cells reaches a certain level and cannot be repaired independently, it can lead to cell damage or even death, subsequently affecting the normal functioning of organs and tissues, ultimately resulting in disease. Mitochondrial recombination therapy involves extracting highly active and high-quality healthy mitochondria from cells and reconstructing and repairing damaged mitochondria in cells to improve mitochondrial function, enhance cell vitality, and rejuvenate cells.
Applications of Mitochondrial Recombination Therapy
Applied in Organelle Regenerative Medicine
Mitochondria not only provide cellular energy but also coordinate physiological functions, such as oxidative stress, intracellular communication, and apoptosis. In recent years, mitochondrial recombination therapy has been considered as a treatment for mitochondrial-related diseases and aging. Therefore, our company focuses on developing mitochondrial biologics for stroke, lung injury, neurodegenerative diseases, and infertility. Taiwan Mitochondria is the world's first team to develop mitochondrial biologics and analyze big data on bioenergetics health indices.
Applied in Stem Cell Therapy
Stem cells are primitive and undifferentiated cells that have the potential to regenerate various tissues and organs. In medicine, stem cells have long been considered to have powerful potential for medical applications because they can be used to treat damage caused by diseases, aging, genetic factors, or trauma. Mitochondria are an important factor affecting stem cell quality in international research. Analyzing mitochondrial function in stem cells as an indicator of cell quality provides a scientific way to assess cell quality. Our research focuses on screening and enhancing mitochondrial function to improve the quality and function of stem cells. Activated mitochondria stem cells have been shown to be effective in treating diseases such as Parkinson's disease, osteoarthritis, and multiple system atrophy.
Applied in Immune Cell Therapy
Immune cells refer to all cells involved in immune responses. Immune cells originate from hematopoietic stem cells and differentiate into various immune cells in the human body, such as dendritic cells, natural killer cells, T cells, and B cells. These immune cells play specific roles in protecting the body when faced with different harmful substances, thereby performing protective functions. Immunotherapy is currently considered an auxiliary treatment for cancer treatment internationally, with considerable potential for application and development. Our developed mitochondrial-activated killer cells enhance mitochondrial activity through an in vitro amplification and cultivation system, making immune cells functionally superior.
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